1. Explore the mesmerizing Po-i Kalyan Complex

Easily one of the most appealing reflections of Bukhara’s grandeur, the opulent Po-i Kalyan Complex is as stunning as any I’ve seen during my time travelling Uzbekistan.

Situated smack bang in the heart of the historic centre of Bukhara, this complex is home to the incredibly fascinating Kalan Mosque; one of the largest mosques in Central Asia, with a whooping capability to house up to 12.000 devoted worshippers.

But it’s not just the Kalan Mosque that turned the complex into one of the absolute best things to do in Bukhara. No, the complex is home to not just two, or three, but four monumental masterpieces, each truly magnificent in their own right.

First, there is the Kalyan Minaret, a towering minaret built in 1127 that still dominates the Bukhara skyline until this very day. Standing at 47 metres, this was once the tallest structure in Central Asia.

Then there is the Mir-i-Arab Madrasah, situated adjacent to the Kalan Mosque, this active mosque is one of the most respected spiritual Islamic universities in the post-Soviet territory, and truly a beauty to behold – but solely from the outside, as it is not allowed to enter.

Last, but not least, there’s the Emir Alim Khan Madrasah, a relatively small structure, yet nothing short of impressive and defined by utterly stunning geometric patterns and its iconic octagonal baked brick domes.

There’s no denying that the Po-i Kalyan Complex is absolutely breathtaking, and therefore it is little surprise that a slow roam around its ancient grounds is written atop many travellers’ bucket lists for Bukhara.

2. Visit the Photo Gallery Shavkat Boltaev on Jubar Street

If you’re anything like me and appreciate all things the artistic side of life, a visit to the Photo Gallery of Shavkat Boltaev will most probably pique your interest.

Situated on Jubar Street this small yet interesting photography gallery offers a unique glimpse into both the history of Bukhara and the incredible work of the late Shavkat Boltaev.

Born and raised in Bukhara, Shavkat Boltaev was not solely a photographer, but also a more than capable contemporary artist, focusing mostly on abstract acrylic paintings.

But it was in the field of photography where Shavkat truly excelled, earning him various important awards throughout his career, including the famous exhibition; “The Jews of Bukhara”.

Today, many of his works are found in his quant little photo gallery here in Bukhara, and as a photographer myself, seeing Bukhara through the eyes of a local legend was truly inspiring.

3. Behold the imposing Ark of Bukhara

While the opulent madrasahs and towering minarets are Bukhara’s main lure, the Ark of Bukhara is truly a spectacle in its own right.

Imposing, iconic and intriguing, the fortified citadel once housed the royal residences of the Bukhara Khans, besides the town’s impressive military complex.

The enormous Bukhara Ark dates back as far as the 5th century, which led many to believe that it’s the oldest structure in Bukhara.

Throughout its extensive historical timeline, Bukhara, and accordingly its fortress, had been troubled by many conquerors, battles and wars, causing an endless cycle of obliteration and reconstruction.

At present, much of the west side of the Ark is preserved as it was back in the day, and inside you can see the Friday Mosque, the Reception & Coronation Court, as well as a few small exhibitions showcasing historical artefacts.

Personally, I believe the interior is a little underwhelming, and for that reason, I believe the Ark is best admired from either the summit of the Bukhara Tower or by taking a leisurely walk around its massive walls.

While I encourage you to find out for yourself, instead of following my advice blindly, I do feel you wouldn’t miss anything noteworthy if you do decide to skip entering the citadel.

4. Roam around the historical centre

Roaming around Bukhara Old Town for the first time is nothing short of amazing, as the architectural magnificence of the bygone Silk Road era reveals itself at just about every corner, creating an unrivalled, nostalgic atmosphere.

Of course, there are heaps of interesting things to see and do in a place like Bukhara, but as with so many things in life, the real charm is often found in its simplicity.

Taking a leisurely morning walk around Bukhara is one such thing.

You see, roaming around the time-worn streets without a plan and being part of the unique day-to-day moments, is just something no ancient building, local restaurant, or trendy cafe can compare to – especially if it also happens to be a city you eagerly desired to explore for a long, long time.

While I encourage a roam without a plan, some of the sites I would mark down include:

Lyabi Khauz | Nestled in the heart of Bukhara Old Town, Lyabi Khauz is an inviting square where both locals and tourists hang out throughout the day. Not surprisingly, it’s also where you’ll find lots of restaurants, souvenir shops and tea houses.

Nadir Divanbegi Madrasah | Adjacent to Lyabi Khauz is the Nadir Divanbegi Madrasah, a late 16th century that was constructed during the Ashtarkhanid dynasty. Legend has it, that it was initially built as a caravanserai, before they transformed it into the madrasa we see today.

Mizro Ulugbek Madrasah | Constructed in 1417 by renowned astronomer and ruler Mirzo Ulugbek, this impressive madrasah is said to be the oldest surviving madrasah in Central Asiam and a true testament to the architecture splendour of the Timurid era.

Abdulaziz Khan Madrasah | Unlike many of the madrasahs found in Uzbekistan, the colourful facade of the Abdulaziz Khan Madrasah is adorned with unusual mosaics portraying mythical creatures, including a Chinese dragon and a Simurg; a bird of happiness.

5. Marvel at the intricate Bolo Hauz Mosque

Adjacent to Bukhara Ark lies the Bolo Hauz Mosque, a downright impressive mosque that displays exquisite examples of Central Asian Islamic architecture.

Also known as the ‘Mosque of Forty Pillars’, Bolo Hauz was first built in 1712 to serve as a Friday Mosque, but it wasn’t until the beginning of the 20th century that they decided to add the iwan at the front of the mosque.

Those who look a little more closely will realise that the mosque has only 20 pillars, yet the reflection of the crystal clear water of the Hauz (Persian for pond) in front of it doubles that down to 40, which justifies its name; the ‘Mosque of Forty Pillars’.

The mosque itself is defined by the best of craftsmanship, with stunning artwork throughout; intricate ornaments decorated with flowers, exceptional geometrical patterns, and impressive wooden pillars perfectly carved out of massive chunks of walnut and elm.

While the mosque is stunning, it’s the reflections provided by the pond that make it even more enchanting, as it adds a significant touch of serenity to the mosque and its surroundings.

6. Roam around the Toqi Telpak Furushon Bazaar

After travelling to Central Asia quite a few times over the past few years, I learned how much of the region’s everyday life is moving around its lively market stalls, intoxicating bazaars, and the goods often found there.

Like all of Uzbekistan’s treasured Silk Road cities, Bukhara was once a prosperous trading hub along the iconic Silk Road, and its legacy as a seat of trade is still very much present today.

One of the best places to get a feel for Central Asia’s deeply rooted trading traditions is under the roofs of Toqi Telpak Furushon, a large, domed bazaar where in bygone days, merchants from India, Russia, China, and Iran among many others use to assemble to sell or trade their goods.

Today, locals and travellers alike are still very much drawn to the age-old grounds of the Toqi Telpak Furushon bazaar, as its unique configuration echoes the stories of Bukhara’s thriving past, while the myriad of stalls offering all sorts of local crafts, including traditional hats, textiles, and jewellery to name but a few.

But it’s not just the Toqi Telpak Furushon Bazaar where Bukhara’s trading magic happens.

Other trading domes worthy of a stroll include Toki-Sarrofon, Toki-Zargaron and Tim Abdullakhan – which if you roam around the city will already come to your attention.

7. Kalyan Minaret

While already name-dropped earlier, I believe the Kalyan Minaret deserves all the praise, as its iconic appearance is witnessed from all over town.

Constructed in 1127, legend has it that the notorious Ghengis Khan was so fascinated by the Minaret’s appearance that he chose to preserve it when he invaded the city in the 13th century.

Defined by its complex ornamental brickwork, towering height at 47 metres, and bands of impressive Kufic calligraphy, the towering Kalyan Minaret is indeed a picture-perfect vista to behold.

Also known as the ‘Tower of Death’, given its notorious reputation as a point of execution during the Middle Ages, criminals were often thrown from atop the minaret as punishment for their unrighteous deeds.

Though an absolute spectacle, legend has it that the architect was far from satisfied with his creation, that he asked to be buried exactly 47 metres from the minaret, so it would fall upon his grave if something happened to the minaret.

Luckily for us, the towering Kalyan Minaret is still standing proud and tall above the mudbrick roofs of Bukhara, meaning we can admire the architect’s remarkable artistic brilliance – because despite his perfectionism, there’s no denying that his creation is of impeccable beauty.

8. Admire the Ismail Samani mausoleum

Often overlooked by other more famous architectural highlights in Bukhara, the minimal yet intricate-looking Ismail Samani Mausoleum is stunning in its own right, with enchanting brickwork and noteworthy geometric patterns throughout.

The Ismail Samani Mausoleum is a classic example of Islamic architecture in Central Asia, while also one of the earliest surviving examples of funerary architecture within the Islamic world. 

Constructed between 892 and 943 CE during the Samanid dynasty of Bukhara, the Ismail Samani Mausoleum is among the oldest structures in Bukhara and was once located in the heart of an extensive cemetery.

Today, the mausoleum stands peacefully in Samanidov Park, a charming tree-lined park that makes the perfect setting for the age-old artistry of the mausoleum to stand out.

While the mausoleum is a tad away from Bukhara Old Town, it is surely worth making a small detour, as its cubic-shaped design is downright unique and nothing short of amazing.

9. Take in the views from the Bukhara Tower

Initially built as a water tower in 1927 by Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov, the towering structure supplied the people of Bukhara with water for many years, before it went up in flames in 1975.

In the following years, the Bukhara Tower was acknowledged as a historical heritage monument and slowly transitioned into the observation tower we visit today.

Situated just outside the old town, the Bukhara Tower offers a unique bird’s eye view of the enormous Bukhara Ark, as well as an impressive vista of Bukhara Old Town in the distance.

Also known as the Sukhov Observation Tower, its spiralling metal construction is striking against the ancient architecture of the Bolo Khauz and the Ark of Bukhara which lay down below.

At 33 metres high, the observation deck is considered the highest vantage point in Bukhara. 

From atop you’ll be welcomed by the most stunning views of the surrounding area, making it a perfect spot for photography enthusiasts.

10. Behold the unique Chor Minor

When it comes to unique architectural highlights in Uzbekistan, Chor Minor is definitely one to look out for, as its distinctive design is utterly different from any other structures I’ve seen here.

You see, Chor Minor, also known as ‘Four Minarets’ in Persian, is a small, yet remarkable structure defined by four small minarets-like towers that are atypical to traditional minarets typically seen here in Central Asia.

Tucked away in the backstreets of Bukhara, just a short walk away from the historical centre, Chor Minor reflects the four main religions of the world, as well as four dynasties of rulers in Bukhara.

It tells the story of Bukhara’s rich past, and if you look closely, you will find several interesting feats, including elements related to Christianity and Buddhism. It is relatively obvious to spot a Christian fish, while with a little more imagination a Buddhist prayer wheel is to be seen.

Though we never know the exact story, one thing is fairly sure; Chor Minor was not built as a mosque, but more so a gatehouse to a madrasah, which has sadly diminished throughout the centuries.

Another thing I know for sure is the fact that visiting Chor Minor is easily one of the best things to do in Bukhara, so make sure you plan some time to behold its unique charm while there.

2. Watch over the old town from the watchtower at Khuna Ark

Once the residence of Khiva’s rulers, Khuna Ark stands as a symbol of power, wealth and protection, and was basically built as a fortified stronghold within an already fortified town.

First constructed in the 12th century in the order of Ok Shaykh Bobo, then further evolved under the Khans in the 17th century, Khuna Ark is still very much a place of great significance, with several noteworthy buildings one can behold.

Today, much of Khuna Ark’s structures date back to the reign of Arang Muhammad Khan.

Even though Kuhna Ark is stunningly beautiful as a whole, there’s one particular point of call that truly draws the attention here; the Ak-Sheikh Bobo watchtower.

You see, watching over Itchan Kala from the watchtower, was in many ways, one of my absolute favourite things to do in Khiva, as the panorama views from the top are nothing short of amazing.

Planning-wise, I’d highly advise trying to get to the watchtower an hour before sunset, so you have a clear indication of your surroundings, which makes it easier to find the ideal spot from which you’ll witness the golden hour light up Khiva’s intricate turquoise-domed mosques, towering minarets, and iconic mudbrick structures.

3. Visit the Jumaa Mosque – the Friday Mosque

Built right on top of the ruins of an older mosque, the Jumaa Mosque, also known as the Friday Mosque is a stunning mosque that provides an oasis of calm away from the hustle and bustle often found in the laneways of Itchan Kala.

For me, the best thing about the Jumaa Mosque is the fact that it doesn’t look like anything noteworthy from the outside, given its ordinary mudbrick walls give little away in contrast to other more opulent mosques found in Uzbekistan.

Yet stepping inside instantly reveals why the Jumaa Mosque is as remarkable as it is.

Made up of anywhere between 212 and 218 wooden columns (I can’t state the exact number), aligned in a way commonly done in ancient Arabian mosques, this mosque is simple, minimal, yet truly mesmerising – there’s just something magical about the perfectly aligned columns and the play of light they produce.

The columns themselves are carved to perfection by hand, each representing intricate patterns reflecting different periods in time, some of which have been there since the Mosque’s origins in the 10th century. 

As one of the best things to do in Khiva, I’d recommend visiting the mosque first thing in the morning, when the peace that defines Jumaa triumphs, and masses of tourists have yet to arrive.

4. Take a look at Suleymon’s wood carvings store

One thing that starts to intrigue me more and more during my travels, is getting to witness amazing local craftsman go about their business.

So when I stumbled upon a small wood carving store in the backstreets of Khiva’s stunning Itchan Kala, I was super excited to see the artisanal process of traditional Uzbek woodcarving up close and personal.

With a background in carpentry myself, I naturally get drawn to this form of art, and when Suleymon kindly invited me into his store, I somewhat relived my brief time as an artisanal woodworker.

You see, Suleymon dedicated a fair share of his life to his craft, which resulted in an insanely high level of craftsmanship, and in turn, the most stunning wood-carved objects, each completely unique and defined by exceptional craftsmanship.

But Suleymon’s wood carving store is not just a great place to learn traditional Uzbek wood carving techniques; it is also the perfect place to buy a unique souvenir or a gift for your loved ones, which is exactly what I did myself.

5. Admire the intricate decorations of the Tash Hauli Palace

Built as the residence of Allakuli Khan, this palace had one clear objective; to outshine every other palace in Central Asia, which it managed to do pretty well if you ask me.

With intricately painted ceilings, stunning geometric patterns, and a vibrant colour palette on just about everything that is touched by the light, the Tash Hauli Palace is as pretty as any I’ve visited in Uzbekistan.

Exploring the Tash Hauli Palace is a great opportunity to step into the lavish world of Khiva’s prosperous, royal past, as it displays breathtaking artistry and architecture throughout the palace.

Something to keep your eye out for are the complex, yet beautifully decorated ceilings, as each design reflects the magnificent craftsmanship of the hands that created them.

The palace is absolutely impeccable, and its mix of ornate architecture and the calm nature found in its open-air courtyards make for the perfect escape from Khiva’s lively alleyways.

6. Spend a night in the Orient Star Hotel

To wander around the time-worn grounds of an ancient madrasa is one thing, but having the chance to spend a night in such a place is a completely different experience.

Luckily for you, the 19th-century Mohammed Amin Khan Madrasa has now been transformed into Khiva’s most unique hotel, and for me, spending a night here is easily one of the most exciting things to do in Khiva.

In many ways, staying here is like stepping back in time, as the walls around you share and reflect centuries of Khiva’s fascinating history.   

Each room is stunning, mostly original and decorated with furniture that doesn’t only compliment the architectural features but also respects the deeply ingrained roots of the madrasa, preventing it from losing its initial charm.

But it is more than simply a place to rest your head, it’s a unique experience that offers a journey into the past, and we should be honoured that we can spend time here.

Its location smack-bang in the heart of Itchan Kala adds to its charm, with the old town right at your doorstep, making Orient Star the perfect base from which to explore Khiva.

7.  Admire the Kalta Minor Minaret

Supposed to become the tallest minaret in Uzbekistan, the Kalta Minor Minaret is unlike other minarets in Uzbekistan, as it was left unfinished due to the sudden death of its initiator Muhammad Amin Khan in 1855.

You see, the base of the minaret, with its 14-meter diameter, was designed so that it was sturdy enough to carry a minaret of an impressive height anywhere between 70 and 110 meters.

Sadly, construction stopped at merely 29 meters, which makes the Kalta Minor Minaret look somewhat comparable to a bodybuilder during the offseason – at least, that’s what I thought when I first witnessed it in person.

All jokes aside, the Kalta Minor Minaret might be far and away from the length it was initially planned to be, but this doesn’t mean it isn’t spectacular.

It is in fact one of the best examples of Uzbekistan’s architectural brilliance, displaying stunning, intricate geometric patterns, while also embodying a captivating story of ambition and prosperity.

Today, Kalta Minor has become one of Khiva’s most iconic landmarks, partly thanks to its history and unusual appearance.

It’s easy to say; imagine how impressive it would have been if it was finished as initiated, but maybe it’s the above story that makes it as captivating as it is – something we’ll never truly know.

8. Pahlavon Mahmud Mausoleum

Set within the time-worn streets of Itchan Kala is the breathtaking Pahlavon Mahmud Mausoleum, an architectural masterpiece that serves as the final resting place of one of Khiva’s most cherished individuals; Pahlavon Mahmud – a legendary poet, philosopher, wrestler, and patron saint of Khiva.

Defined by its iconic turquoise-tiled dome, this breathtaking mausoleum is insanely beautiful from the inside out, with the intricate interior as its absolute centrepiece.

As soon as you set foot within the Mausoleum, you will be stunned by the most ornate 14th-century Khorezm artistry; think floor-to-ceiling tile work, opulent chandeliers, fascinating woodwork, and an extremely calm and serene atmosphere.

Today, the Pahlavon Mahmud Mausoleum also serves as a spiritual retreat for Sufi pilgrims, with a khanaka for those who seek spiritual solace and guidance.

As always, it’s quintessential to adhere to religious customs, so make sure you take off your shoes while entering the mausoleum, dress appropriately, and be calm and quiet.

It is worth mentioning that the entrance fee to the Pahlavon Mahmud Mausoleum is not included in the regular Itchan Kala ticket. But as one of the absolute best things to do in Khiva, I’d advise you to take that lightly.